Risk factors of cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension, diabetes, and myocardial infarction, if left untreated, will increase the risk of the development of chronic heart failure. Much is known about the pathophysiology and effective treatments of chronic heart failure from left ventricular systolic dysfunction; however, little clinical trial evidence exists concerning benefits of treating patients with chronic heart failure and preserved systolic function, also known as left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Rather, an understanding of the pathophysiology and patient signs and symptoms has usually dictated choice of treatments. With the results of ongoing trials, as well as the Candesartan in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM)-Preserved and the Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG) trials, clinical evidence is accumulating to support effective treatments in patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. The focus of this review is to discuss the risks of, identification of, and rationale for therapeutic choices being employed for treating left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and implications from studies that may support these choices.