OBJECTIVE: To review recent knowledge about Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in children to help pediatricians provide care for these patients.METHOD: We reviewed the most recent papers about pathogenesis, prognostic markers and treatment of the HIV- infected child.RESULTS: We present the main HIV features that may interfere in the pathogenesis of this syndrome and that should be taken into consideration when the antiretroviral therapy starts.CONCLUSIONS: Viral replication in children is very intense, and the persistence of high levels of viral load may be a sign of immunological immaturity. Viral load measurement and CD4+ lymphocytes count are important markers of the disease progression. At least two drugs should be administered as antiretroviral therapy, which should aim at reducing the viral load to undetectable levels. This will slow down the progression of the disease and the emergence of resistant viral strains.