Neutropenia and anaemia are serious complications of myelosuppressive chemotherapy. They have a negative impact on patient quality of life and may reduce response to treatment. Febrile neutropenia, a potentially life-threatening complication of neutropenia, frequently requires hospital admission, while fatigue and weakness from anaemia reduce patient's capacity for activity. Pegfilgrastim and darbepoetin alfa, were designed to simplify and optimise treatment for patients with cancer. Once-per-cycle pegfilgrastim is as effective as daily filgrastim with respect to duration of severe neutropenia (DSN) and may have a lower incidence of febrile neutropenia than filgrastim. Darbepoetin alfa has enhanced biological activity and a serum terminal half-life three-fold longer than that of erythropoietin (EPO), which translates into rapid and sustained correction of anaemia with less frequent dosing. These novel cytokines have the potential to simplify the management of neutropenia and anaemia with fewer injections and less disruption to patients daily lives.