An important breakthrough in the field of general surgery, laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) offers significant advantages for patients. Major reasons for the rapid worldwide acceptance of this new surgical procedure is that patients experience reduced postoperative pain, ileus is virtually abolished, and the patient is able to leave the hospital the following day without a major abdominal scar. This appears to respond to patients' desire for less invasive approaches to the treatment of gallstone disease. LC is thus becoming the treatment of choice for symptomatic gallbladder disease. Its rapidly growing popularity is evident in Italy where many centers are offering LC routinely, in alternative to open cholecystectomy. A critical appraisal of this new technology is necessary, in light of recent data from centers presenting results and complications of large series of LCs. Adequate training of surgeons who will perform LC is also becoming a major concern. In this review the authors describe patient evaluation and selection for LC. Effective therapeutic strategies are illustrated, including the central, but nevertheless controversial role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) as an approach to common bile duct lithiasis. Currently, LC should be performed in centers with the availability of an endoscopist with expertise in ERCP. Following the success of LC, other minimally invasive techniques will evolve in various surgical specialties. New generations of surgeons will thus have to familiarize with these emerging techniques while maintaining a critical attitude of evaluation.