The human papillomavirus (HPV) E1--E4 protein is the only nonstructural late protein encoded by the virus. We have isolated three hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies to the E1--E4 protein of HPV16, which is the HPV type most frequently associated with cervical cancer. The three antibodies (TVG 401, 402, and 403) detect adjacent epitopes within the major seroreactive region of the molecule and show no reactivity against the E4 proteins of HPV1, HPV2, HPV4, or HPV6. The E1--E4 protein migrates as a 10K species on SDS-gel electrophoresis and forms cytoplasmic inclusion granules in infected cells in vitro similar in appearance to those produced by HPV1 in benign warts. In naturally occurring HPV16-induced tumors the E1--E4 protein was detected in the cytoplasm of cells in the upper layers of the lesion in areas in which HPV16 DNA replication was occurring, as determined by in situ hybridization. Although the epitopes recognized by these monoclonal antibodies survive brief fixation in 5% formaldehyde, reactivity was destroyed by prolonged fixation. These monoclonal antibodies represent the first against HPV16 E1--E4 and should complement those already available to E7 and L1 for the screening of frozen sections of clinical biopsies and will be of value in monitoring the progression of HPV infection from benign lesions to invasive cancer.