A major breakthrough has been achieved in the treatment of patients who have AS and other types of SpA. The identification of the expression and role of TNF-alpha in patients who have these diseases and the recognition of their relation with gut inflammation (where infliximab therapy has proven efficacious already) has led to the successful use of TNF-alpha blockade in SpA, establishing a new indication for this type of anticytokine therapy. Evidence supports equal response in cases of axial or peripheral disease. Infliximab therapy has been most extensively documented in this new indication for anti-TNF-alpha therapy, but other compounds are also in the field. Gorman et al reported on 40 patients who had active AS who were randomly assigned to receive twice-weekly subcutaneous injections of etanercept (25 mg) or placebo for 4 months [65]. The primary endpoint was a composite of improvements. Treatment with etanercept resulted in significant and sustained improvement (treatment response in 80% in the etanercept group versus 30% in the placebo). Data regarding the human anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody adalimumab in SpA are not yet available. Different questions remain open, including optimal dosing, long-term safety, and effects of this new treatment on the structural articular level; however, a therapeutic breakthrough like the one currently reviewed has seldom occurred in arthritis care.