In two groups of the persons participating in liquidation of the Chornobyl Power Plant Catastrophe (individuals which suffered from acute radiation sickness and those ones who were exposed to irradiation at doses 0.25-1.0 Gy) in a year after medical treatment the free amino acids, their derivatives, glucose, sodium lactate and pyruvate homeostasis changed in comparison with the control. The causes and possible mechanisms of these substances exchange regulation disorders in the key biochemical reactions ensuring the body organs and systems functioning were estimated. The experimental findings received can be used at planning the further examination and treatment-and-prophylactic measures for the persons which have been affected by ionizing radiation consequently the accident at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant.