Anemia is a common finding in patients with hematologic malignancies and most commonly can be attributed to the anemia of chronic disease compounded by the myelotoxic effects of chemotherapy. Symptoms of anemia include fatigue, and the patient's quality of life may be impaired. Possible treatments for the anemia are to do nothing, to transfuse with red cells, or to treat with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). rhEPO has become standard treatment for the anemia in chronic renal failure and has been successfully used in anemia secondary to malignancy. In patients with lymphoproliferative diseases, rhEPO increases the hemoglobin concentration, decreases the need for transfusion, and improves the patients' quality of life. Disadvantages of rhEPO include its cost, efficacy in only around 60% of patients, and delay of 4 to 8 weeks before maximum benefit is achieved. The anemia in patients with myelodysplasia responds less well to rhEPO. Misuse of rhEPO is common in the clinical setting but usually not of clinical importance. Misuse to enhance sporting prowess is probably rare but has potentially serious consequences.