Abstract
Conventional influenza vaccines currently in use are administered parenterally and generally confer good protection against systemic disease through the induction of high titers of serum virus-neutralizing antibodies. Parenteral vaccines are suboptimal in that they fail to induce a local mucosal response that may prevent the early stages of virus infection. Thus, the intranasal administration of a vaccine may provide a viable alternative to the parenteral route. Indeed, intranasal administration of vaccine antigens when formulated with an appropriate mucosal adjuvant (e.g., bacterial toxins), results in a vigorous local and systemic immune response. This review discusses the nonclinical safety evaluation of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin as a mucosal adjuvant for an intranasally administered influenza vaccine.
MeSH terms
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Adjuvants, Immunologic / administration & dosage*
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Adjuvants, Immunologic / pharmacokinetics
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Adjuvants, Immunologic / toxicity
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Administration, Intranasal
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Animals
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Bacterial Toxins / administration & dosage*
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Bacterial Toxins / pharmacokinetics
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Bacterial Toxins / toxicity
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Bell Palsy / etiology
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Enterotoxins / administration & dosage*
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Enterotoxins / pharmacokinetics
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Enterotoxins / toxicity
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Escherichia coli Proteins*
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Ferrets
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Humans
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Immunity, Mucosal
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Influenza Vaccines / administration & dosage*
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Influenza Vaccines / pharmacokinetics
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Influenza Vaccines / toxicity
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Mice
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Olfactory Bulb / metabolism
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Papio
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Rabbits
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Rats
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Safety
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Swine
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Swine, Miniature
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Virus Diseases / etiology
Substances
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Adjuvants, Immunologic
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Bacterial Toxins
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Enterotoxins
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Escherichia coli Proteins
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Influenza Vaccines
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heat-labile enterotoxin, E coli