Astrakhan fever is a summer spotted fever resembling Mediterranean spotted fever, endemic in Astrakhan, a region of Russia located by the Caspian sea. Its agent is a spotted fever group rickettsia, member of the Rickettsia conorii complex, transmitted to humans by Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Rhipicephalus pumilio ticks. In Summer 2001, French United Nations troops in Kosovo collected 2 ticks on asymptomatic soldiers (1 R. sanguineus and 1 Hyalomma marginatum) and 10 ticks on dogs (7 R. sanguineus, 2 Ixodes ricinus, and 1 H. marginatum) in the Morina region. By PCR amplification of both the gltA and ompA genes, we detected a rickettsia in 4 R. sanguineus, i.e., 3 of those collected on dogs and those taken from military personnel. As ticks were preserved in alcohol, culture was not possible. The sequences obtained from these PCR products identified, with a 100% homology, Astrakhan fever rickettsia. None of the other collected tick species was positive. The patient with the positive tick remained asymptomatic. Our study demonstrates, for the first time, the presence of Astrakhan fever rickettsia in ticks outside Russia. We suspect that the area of distribution of this rickettsia could be wider than initially suspected. Moreover, as R. sanguineus ticks bite humans, Astrakhan fever might be a cause of spotted fever in Kosovo.