Purpose: We assessed the results of autologous fascia pubovaginal sling (PVS) in women with mixed incontinence using a validated outcome score and identified risk factors for failure.
Materials and methods: A total of 131 women who received a PVS for sphincteric incontinence (SUI) confirmed by history, physical examination and/or videourodynamic study (VUDS) were identified from a database during the accrual dates 1995 to 2001. Patients with a urethral diverticulum, neoplasm or urinary fistula were excluded. Patients with SUI who also complained of urinary urge incontinence (UUI) and/or had detrusor instability that reproduced incontinence symptoms during VUDS were diagnosed with mixed incontinence (MUI). Patients completed a urological questionnaire, 24-hour voiding diary, pad test, VUDS and cystoscopy preoperatively. The diagnosis of SUI and UUI was further confirmed by physician interview. In patients with MUI detrusor overactivity was classified according to urodynamic criteria. At least 1 year postoperatively the validated Urinary Incontinence Outcome Score (UIOS) was calculated from a 24-hour diary, pad test and questionnaire, and outcomes in patients with SUI and those with MUI were compared. The study was powered a priori to detect a 20% difference in outcome score. Cured patients (UIOS 0) were compared with those who were not cured (UIOS 1 or greater) and univariate analysis was applied to identify the correlates of failed PVS.
Results: Of the 131 patients evaluated 33 with a diverticulum or fistula were excluded and 98 underwent PVS. Patient age was 45 to 84 years (median 66). Followup was 1 to 7 years (median 3). A total of 46 patients (48.5%) had simple SUI and 52 (51.5%) had MUI. Two patients were lost to followup (2%) and the procedure was presumed to have failed. There were no differences in age, hormone status, previous surgery or pelvic organ prolapse between patients with SUI and MUI. The cure/improved rate was 97% in 44 SUI cases and 93% in 47 MUI cases, which was a nonsignificant difference (p = 0.33). Analysis of the MUI group showed that patients who were cured and not cured had similar age, parity, urethral angle, bladder capacity, leak point pressure and pad tests. Patients with MUI who were cured had a higher number of voids in 24 hours on preoperative voiding diary (12 vs 8, p = 0.01), while those who were improved or in whom treatment failed had a greater number of urgency (5.6 vs 4.1, p <0.05) and UUI (5.1 vs 3.0, p <0.01) episodes. Univariate analysis of MUI cases showed that an increasing number of preoperative urgency and urge incontinence episodes correlated directly with PVS failure (r = 0.33, p = 0.038 and r = 0.35, p = 0.048, respectively). In contrast, an increasing number of voids correlated with successful PVS (r = 0.4, p = 0.01).
Conclusions: Women with SUI and concurrent urge incontinence or detrusor instability have a successful PVS outcome at a rate comparable to that in women with simple SUI, in contrast to our previous findings. Increasing episodes of urgency and urge incontinence on the preoperative voiding diary correlated directly with surgical failure, while voiding frequently was associated with cure.