Food industry wastewater served as a carbon source for the synthesis of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by Azotobacter chroococcum. The content of polymer in bacterial cells grown on the raw materials reached 75%. PHB films were degraded under aerobic, microaerobic, and anaerobic conditions in the presence and absence of nitrate by microbial populations of soil, sludges from anaerobic and nitrifying/denitrifying reactors, and sediment from a sludge deposit site. Changes in molecular mass, crystallinity, and mechanical properties of PHB were studied. Anaerobic degradation was accompanied by acetate formation, which was the main intermediate utilized by denitrifying bacteria or methanogenic archaea. On a decrease in temperature from 20 to 5 degrees C in the presence of nitrate, the rate of PHB degradation was 7.3 times lower. Under anaerobic conditions and in the absence of nitrate, no PHB degradation was observed, even at 11 degrees C. The enrichment cultures of denitrifying bacteria obtained from soil and anaerobic sludge degraded PHB films for a short time (3-7 d). The dominant species in the enrichment culture from soil were Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas stutzeri. The rate of PHB degradation by the enrichment cultures depended on the polymer molecular weight, which reduced with time during biodegradation.