After rising in the early 1980s, the number of recorded human cases of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in the UK has fallen in the last 5 years, with a particular decline in cases of infection with serovar Enteritidis. This decline has been concomitant with the introduction of vaccination of egg-laying hens against serovar Enteritidis. It is likely that other factors such as improved biosecurity in egg-laying flocks, a build-up of immunity in other animals and the rise in the number of livestock infections with host-adapted serovars of Salmonella have also played a part in this decline. Although human Salmonella cases are currently at their lowest level since 1987, it is important to remember that the reasons for the dominance of Enteritidis in human infection are poorly understood and it is possible that other serovars could share similar properties and the eradication of Enteritidis may leave a niche for them to fill.