Atherosclerosis is initiated by the uptake and retention of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) into the arterial intima. We have previously shown that dietary isoflavone phytoestrogens inhibit LDL oxidation in vitro. The inhibition could have been caused by undetected isoflavone metabolites associated with lipoproteins. In the present study, we incubated human plasma with [3H]genistein, both with and without the lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) inhibitor dithionitrobenzoic acid (DTNB). Our results indicated that the 3H-label was attached to both high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and LDL, and that it represented both underivatized genistein and lipophilic derivatives of genistein, part of which were identified as fatty acid monoesters. The latter was demonstrated by the findings that DTNB decreased the HDL and LDL associated radioactivity in the lipophilic fraction isolated by hydrophobic chromatography and that saponification hydrolysis liberated a corresponding part of the 3H-label. Two-dimensional reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography (TLC) demonstrated that a corresponding part of the radioactivity comigrated with genistein monoester standards in the absence of DTNB but was abolished if DTNB had been present in the incubation. In summary, incubation of plasma with [3H]genistein resulted in accumulation of underivatized genistein as well as lipophilic genistein derivatives in lipoproteins. A smaller part of the latter were genistein monoesters, while part remained unidentified. Our results suggest an explanation for the increased oxidation resistance of isolated LDL during intake of soybean isoflavones.