Diagnostic value of onset-recordings and marker annotations in dual chamber pacemaker stored electrograms

Abstract

Aims: Stored electrograms (EGM) have recently been introduced into pacemaker therapy. New generation devices offer the possibility to store the onset of the EGM (several seconds preceding storage trigger) and marker annotations. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the diagnostic capabilities of EGMs are improved by these new features.

Methods: We studied 65 patients (age 68+/-12 years, 41 male) implanted with a DDDR-system (PulsarMax II 1280; Guidant). During a 1-month period 319 EGMs have been recorded. EGM triggers were: Ventricular Tachycardia (VT), Non-Sustained VT (NSVT), Atrial Tachycardia Response (ATR), Pacemaker Mediated Tachycardia (PMT) and Sudden Bradycardia Response (SBR). First, each EGM was analysed with onset and markers blinded. EGMs were classified with respect to their trigger as confirmed, not-confirmed or false-positive. Analysis was then repeated with markers visible but without onset, and thereafter vice versa. Finally, EGMs were analysed with both features. It was noted whether the presence of marker annotations and/or onset-recording changed the initial classification of the stored EGMs.

Results: 169 EGMs were triggered by SBR, which can only be confirmed with onset recording. False positive EGMs (atrial undersensing) occurred in 12%. The remaining 150 EGMs were triggered by ATR (80%), NSVT (11%), VT (6%) and by PMT (3%). Without onset/markers 37 of these 150 EGMs (25%) could not be confirmed. With markers and onset 33/37 (89%) of these EGMs could now be classified as confirmed or false positive. These EGMs became diagnostic with onset alone in 24%, with markers alone in 24%, and with the combination of both in 41%. In 4 EGMs no definite diagnosis could be established.

Conclusion: Stored electrograms provide direct insights into device function, thereby providing a validation of diagnostic data. The expanded recording of onset and markers results in markedly improved diagnostic capabilities - compared with conventional EGMs. These new features were necessary to interpret correctly 61% of all stored electrograms, without which a diagnosis would not have been possible. Both onset-recording and marker annotation are necessary for optimal analysis.