The sources and potential availability of chromium (Cr) on soils formed on ultramafic rocks were investigated with mineralogical studies and selective chemical extractions. Soil solutions were collected in the field (i) along a soil toposequence under natural vegetation with ceramic cups; (ii) under grass in a mandarin trees plantation with tension-free tube lysimeters. On selected soil solutions, the Cr(VI) was determined colorimetrically with the s-diphenylcarbazide method and total Cr by ICP-AES and speciation of Cr(VI) was performed with the MINEQL+ V 4.5 software. The main mineralogical sources of Cr were Cr-substituted goethite and chromite. Up to 90 mg kg(-1) of Cr was extracted by KH(2)PO(4), whereas KCl extractable Cr was very low, indicating that exchangeable Cr was mainly in the highly toxic Cr(VI) form in these soils. Under natural vegetation, the Cr concentrations in the soil solutions remained relatively low (<20 microg l(-1)) due to the high retention of the Cr(VI) anions by Fe-oxides. The Cr concentrations were larger in well aerated colluvial soils, where high levels of Mn-oxides are able to oxidize Cr(III) to Cr(VI), than in piedmont soil where the Mn-oxide content is lower, or in alluvial soils from the lowlands, where waterlogging occurs. Cr concentrations reached 700 microg l(-1) in the field that was fertilized with high amount of phosphorus, due to the exchange of Cr(VI) with phosphate. In such conditions, toxicity phenomena for crops can be expected.
Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science B.V.