In this paper the need for further investigation into the mental health of rural Australians will be discussed. It will be argued that while research to date has yielded valuable information, the volume and scope of existing studies has been inadequate to address the needs of the diverse and dynamic communities in non-metropolitan Australia. The diversity that exists within rural Australia is examined and the potential effects of this diversity on mental health status are highlighted. Then a number of issues that are relevant to people living in non-metropolitan areas that underscores the need for further study into rural mental health are identified. Finally, some specific areas that require further examination are outlined and some guiding principles for future mental health research are proposed.