Electrical contacting of flavoenzymes and NAD(P)+-dependent enzymes by reconstitution and affinity interactions on phenylboronic acid monolayers associated with Au-electrodes

J Am Chem Soc. 2002 Dec 11;124(49):14724-35. doi: 10.1021/ja027919y.

Abstract

The preparation of integrated, electrically contacted, flavoenzyme and NAD(P)(+)-dependent enzyme-electrodes is described. The reconstitution of apo-glucose oxidase, apo-GOx, on a FAD cofactor linked to a pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) phenylboronic acid monolayer yields an electrically contacted enzyme monolayer (surface coverage 2.1 x 10(-)(12) mol cm(-)(2)) exhibiting a turnover rate of 700 s(-)(1) (at 22 +/- 2 degrees C). The system is characterized by microgravimetric quartz-crystal microbalance analyses, Faradaic impedance spectroscopy, rotating disk electrode experiments, and cyclic voltammetry. The performance of the enzyme-electrode for glucose sensing is described. Similarly, the electrically contacted enzyme-electrodes of NAD(P)(+)-dependent enzymes malate dehydrogenase, MalD, and lactate dehydrogenase, LDH, are prepared by the cross-linking of affinity complexes generated between the enzymes and the NADP(+) and NAD(+) cofactors linked to a pyrroloquinoline quinone phenylboronic acid monolayer, respectively. The MalD enzyme-electrode (surface coverage 1.2 x 10(-)(12) mol cm(-)(2)) exhibits a turnover rate of 190 s(-)(1), whereas the LDH enzyme-electrode (surface coverage 7.0 x 10(-)(12) mol cm(-)(2)) reveals a turnover rate of 2.5 s(-)(1). Chronoamperometric experiments reveal that the NAD(+) cofactor is linked to the PQQ-phenylboronic acid by two different binding modes. The integration of the LDH with the two NAD(+) cofactor configurations yields enzyme assemblies differing by 1 order of magnitude in their bioelectrocatalytic activities.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Aspergillus niger / enzymology
  • Boronic Acids / chemistry*
  • Chickens
  • Electric Impedance
  • Electrochemistry
  • Electrodes
  • Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide / chemistry*
  • Glucose Oxidase / chemistry*
  • Gold / chemistry*
  • Kinetics
  • L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / chemistry*
  • Liver / enzymology
  • Malate Dehydrogenase / chemistry*
  • NADP / chemistry*
  • Rabbits

Substances

  • Boronic Acids
  • Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide
  • NADP
  • Gold
  • L-Lactate Dehydrogenase
  • Malate Dehydrogenase
  • Glucose Oxidase
  • benzeneboronic acid