Concomitant with the rapid development in biomedical knowledge, including the methods of molecular biology and proteomics, and the manufacture of ever more precise optical instruments, powerful lasers, and sophisticated microcomputing hardware and software, laser microdissection systems have emerged which are now entering the field of routine research. Today, several devices are commercially available, congresses devoted to the latest advances in laser microdissection are now held on regular occasions, and the number of publications based on the use of these techniques has risen to over 250. With laser microdissection, histological treatment, such as chemical or immunological fixation and staining, can readily be combined with methods suitable for molecular biology or proteomics. As the optical, technical, and methodological resolution of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microdissection increases, genetic and phenotypic studies of biological material are possible even at the level of single cells and subcellular elements. Moreover, questions such as the paracrine interaction of cells within complex tissues, the development of cancer, and the role of single cells in tissue remodeling or development on the microscopic and molecular level can now be addressed precisely at the molecular level. This chapter reviewed the development of laser microdissection platforms, its potential impact on the future of research, and how, in particular, these technologies can be successfully integrated into modern research and routine histopathological studies of complex tissue.