Relationship between voluntary food intake (VFI) and gene expression for appetite-regulating peptides was examined in the brains of Soay rams under contrasting photoperiods. Two groups (n = 8) were subjected to alternating block long-day (LD) and short-day photoperiods (SD) over a period of 42 wk to entrain long-term cycles in VFI. Five animals from each group were killed 18 wk into LD or SD, and the brains were collected for in situ hybridization studies. VFI was fourfold higher under LD compared with SD. Body weight, abdominal fat, or plasma leptin levels were similar under LD and SD. LD animals were in positive energy balance and sexually inactive, and SD animals were in negative energy balance and sexually active. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA levels were higher in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) under LD, and pro-opiomelanocortin expression was lower under LD. Leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) was higher in the ARC under LD. We conclude that photoperiod-induced increase in VFI correlates with expression of NPY, but not with expression of genes for other putative orexigenic peptides. Ob-Rb gene expression is regulated by photoperiod.