PIP: The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships among agricultural production patterns, tenancy, socioeconomic conditions, and fertility in a developing nation, specifically a Philippine barrio sample. The barrios selected were located in Cavite Province of Luzon and contained 1796 farm and nonfarm households. The child-woman ratio averaged 669/1000. Rice accounted for more than 50% of the land area devoted to crop production. In the lowland barrios production of both food and children was greater than in the upland barrios. There were 135 more children per 1000 women of childbearing age in the lowland barrios. The direct effect of land ownership was to increase fertility; the indirect effect, operating through female education and traditional level of living, was to decrease fertility. Since the indirect effects of ownership were relatively stronger, the total effect of land ownership was to decrease fertility. Ownership patterns were linked systematically to barrio-level socioeconomic and fertility differences. No individual household data is included in the sample. The total effect of land ownership was to reduce fertility through its influences on female education and village-level traditionalism. Agricultural development policies centering around land reform may be important components of demographic policy. The results confirmed the importance of female education for lowering fertility.