PIP: This report from the Second National Symposium on Population Theory and Science discusses seven issues facing China's 4 modernization goals. 1) Population reproduction corresponding to the reproduction of material means dominates the population growth pattern in a socialist society. Symposium delegates agree that human and material reproduction, as described by Friedrich Engels, must be better understood and managed since China's goals depend upon promoting material production and controlling population growth. 2) Population development relates most closely to economic development so the production development must be a prerequisite. In China however, population control has significant bearing on modernization. 3) China's population problems differ from those of problems in capitalist societies, since they can be solved, not through reforms, but through planning and self-adjustment between the reproduction and material production ratio. Population quality must also be improved, and manpower resources fully used. 4) Population policy should also address such issues as geographical distribution and migration. Family planning should shift to the "1 child per couple" practice to accomplish zero growth by the year 2000. The attendees strongly endorse family planning legislation and taxation on extra-quota children. 5) Population projections and analyses show that "1 child per couple" policy is essential to achieve the 4 modernization goals. Population planning requires a nationwide general census; computers used within a national population data network will provide statistics for policy making. 6) Delegates agree that much reseach is needed done on urban population structure, standards for defining urban population and city scope, and on standards for cities and towns. Population control policy for national minorities should be practiced in densely populated areas and in areas where national minorities are scattered among major nationalities, and China should employ population growth measures condusive to economic development in sparsely-populated areas. 7) Delegates identify 3 periods in China's population theory, moving from total rejection to some possible acceptance of Malthusianism. Finally, delegates affirm the need to combine theory with practice and strengthen investigation and research work to achieve modernization.