Objective: There is recent evidence that Ca(2+) influx via reverse mode Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange (NCX) at the time of reperfusion can contribute to cardiomyocyte hypercontracture. However, forward NCX is essential for normalization of [Ca(2+)](i) during reperfusion, and its inhibition may be detrimental. This study investigates the effect of NCX inhibition with KB-R7943 at the time of reperfusion on cell viability.
Methods: The effect of several concentrations of KB-R7943 added at reperfusion was studied in Fura-2 loaded quiescent cardiomyocytes submitted to 40 min of simulated ischemia (NaCN 2 mM, pH 6.4), and in rat hearts submitted to 60 min of ischemia. [Ca(2+)](i) and cell length were monitored in myocytes, and functional recovery and LDH release in isolated hearts. From these experiments an optimal concentration of KB-R7943 was identified and tested in pigs submitted to 48 min of coronary occlusion and 2 h of reperfusion.
Results: In myocytes, KB-R7943 at concentrations up to 15 microM reduced [Ca(2+)](i) rise and the probability of hypercontracture during re-energization (P<0.01). Nevertheless, in rat hearts, the effects of KB-R7943 applied during reperfusion after 60 min of ischemia depended on concentration and timing of administration. During the first 5 min of reperfusion, KB-R7943 (0.3-30 microM) induced a dose-dependent reduction in LDH release (half-response concentration 0.29 microM). Beyond 6 min of re-flow, KB-R7943 had no effect on LDH release, except at concentrations > or = 15 microM, which increased LDH. KB-R7943 at 5 microM given during the first 10 min of reflow reduced contractile dysfunction (P=0.011), LDH release (P=0.019) and contraction band necrosis (P=0.014) during reperfusion. Intracoronary administration of this concentration during the first 10 min of reperfusion reduced infarct size by 34% (P=0.033) in pigs submitted to 48 min of coronary occlusion.
Conclusions: These results are consistent with the hypothesis that during initial reperfusion NCX activity results in net reverse mode operation contributing to Ca(2+) overload, hypercontracture and cell death, and that NCX inhibition during this phase is beneficial. Beyond this phase, NCX inhibition may impair forward mode-dependent Ca(2+) extrusion and be detrimental. These findings may help in the design of therapeutic strategies against lethal reperfusion injury, with NCX as the target.