Asbestos exposure has been linked to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and other types of hematolymphoid cancer (HL-CA) in several case reports and epidemiologic studies. This review covers the scientific and medical literature on the issue of whether asbestos exposure is a cause of NHL or other HL-CAs. Studies of animals exposed to asbestos have not shown an increase in NHL or other types of HL-CA. Although some patients with asbestosis have mild immunologic abnormalities, 32 of 35 epidemiologic studies of asbestos exposure in humans are negative for NHL or other HL-CAs. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no increased risk of NHL or other HL-CAs associated with asbestos exposure.