The ability to transfer the dystrophin gene stably to the skeletal muscle of DMD patients is a major confounding issue in establishing an effective gene therapy for this disease. To overcome this problem, we have examined the ability of muscle fibres from mdx mice to act as in situ factories of retroviral vector production. Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles from 4-week-old mdx mice were injected with an adenoviral vector expressing LacZ within a retroviral expression cassette (AdLZIN). Retroviral vector production was induced by the inclusion of two additional adenoviral vectors expressing retroviral gag-pol (AdGagPol) and 10A1 env genes (Ad10A1). Upon introduction of infected muscles into cell culture, colonies of beta-galactosidase-expressing myotubes formed only in cultures where the muscle was injected with AdLZIN, AdGagPol and Ad10A1, but not from muscle injected with AdLZIN only. Muscles from mdx/nude mice producing retroviral vector displayed a 4.6-fold increase in beta-galactosidase-positive myofibres after 1 month, compared with contralateral muscle in the same animal injected with AdLZIN and AdGagPol only. By constructing a hybrid adeno-retroviral vector expressing a truncated micro-dystrophin construct (AdmicroDyIN), we were able to partially correct the mdx dystrophic phenotype. AdmicroDyIN-mediated expression of micro-dystrophin in mdx TA muscle restored the formation of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex and significantly reduced the level of muscle degeneration over uninjected controls. By stimulating in situ production of retroviral vector expressing micro-dystrophin, we achieved 92%+/-6% transduction of myofibres in the TA muscle by 4 weeks. Strikingly, by 3 months post injection, micro-dystrophin was still expressed to high levels in nearly all the myofibres of the TA muscle. By comparison, there was a pronounced drop in the levels of micro-dystrophin expressed by muscles injected with AdmicroDyIN only. Finally, using a novel PCR approach, we detected reverse-transcribed, integrated proviral sequences in TA muscle genomic DNA by 4 weeks post injection, the levels of which were found to increase after 3 months.