The examination of biochemical markers of the damage of the central nervous system may be the excellent complement of the neuroimaging methods. There are factors in the cerebrospinal fluid which indicate the damage of the precise structures of the CNS. In this paper there are described the main markers which are used in diagnostic multiple sclerosis: myelin basic protein (MBP) as a marker of demyelination of the white matter, neuron specific enolase (NSE) as a marker of neuronal damage, tau protein, 14-3-3 protein, neurofilament protein-subunit light (NFL) as markers of axonal damage and S-100 protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein as markers of astroglial damage.