To assess blood pressure control in the Japanese population, we analyzed previously obtained measurements of conventional, home and ambulatory blood pressures in 1,174 subjects aged > or =40 in a Japanese community. On the basis of conventional blood pressure values and the use of antihypertensive medication, participants were classified as normotensive, untreated hypertensive and treated hypertensive subjects. When 140/90, 135/85 and 135/85 mmHg were used as the hypertension criteria for conventional, home and ambulatory blood pressure measurements, respectively, all three blood pressure values were higher in untreated and treated hypertensive subjects than in normotensive subjects. Among the treated hypertensive subjects, approximately half were classified as hypertensive not only by conventional blood pressure, but also by home or ambulatory measurements. Approximately 10% of the subjects defined as normotensive by conventional blood pressure measurement were classified as hypertensive by home or ambulatory measurements, whereas 60% of the untreated hypertensive subjects as defined by conventional blood pressure measurement had normal home or ambulatory blood pressure values. Therefore, we concluded that 1) the poor blood pressure control in treated hypertensive subjects was attributable not only to the white coat effect but also to inadequate control of blood pressure; and 2) a certain percentage of subjects were misclassified as hypertensive or normotensive by conventional blood pressure measurement.