A new species of Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913 from Paraguay, T. shimizui n. sp., and T. leviterminalis Siddiqi, Mukherjee & Dasgupta, 1982 from Japan are described and illustrated. T. shimizui n. sp. is a monosexual species characterised by females with a medium-sized body, L=0.70-0.82 mm, stylet 18.4-20.8 microm long, a rounded lip region slightly set off from the body contours bearing six annules, oesophageal glands slightly overlapping the intestine laterally and a subcylindrical tail with a bluntly pointed smooth terminus. A population of T. leviterminalis associated with sugarcane from Japan is also described and compared with previous descriptions. This is the first record for T. leviterminalis in Japan. Spores of a Pasteuria species were observed filling the body-cavity of some specimens of T. leviterminalis.