The initial experience suggested that kidney transplantation could be hazardous for patients on peritoneal dialysis due to the high risk of peritonitis and a possible high incidence of acute rejection. In this paper we have presented our experience with kidney transplantation in these patients. During the last four years kidney transplantation was performed in 9 patients on peritoneal dialysis. The average time spent on peritoneal dialysis was 20.6 +/- 7.6 months. In all patients peritoneal catheter was removed during the surgery. During the posttransplantation period a triple immunosuppressive therapy including steroids, cyclosporin and azathioprineor mycophenolate mofetil was administered in all patients. In comparison to patients on hemodialysis no significant difference in the incidence of acute rejection episodes, delayed graft function, graft arterial thrombosis and graft function recovery was observed. Patients on peritoneal dialysis had significantly greater and longer wound drainage in comparison to patients on hemodialysis. It was concluded that peritoneal dialysis had no negative influence on short-term outcome of kidney transplantation.