A polymorphic binding site of the Sp1 transcription factor in the gene encoding the alpha1 chain of type I collagen is associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and, independently, with fracture risk in postmenopausal women. The aim of this study is to examine whether in community-dwelling men over age 70 years, the COL1A1 Sp1 polymorphism is associated with BMD (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and/or with bone turnover and muscle strength--factors related to both BMD and fracture risk. The COL1A1 Sp1 genotype (SS, Ss and ss) was determined using polymerase chain reaction and MscI restriction digestion. Presence of the s allele was significantly associated with lower BMD at the distal forearm (p = 0.03) and different distal radius subregions, with Z-score differences between extreme genotype groups (SS vs ss) ranging from 0.87 (ultradistal radius; p = 0.17) to 1.31 (mid-region of distal radius; p = 0.03). Presence of the s allele was also associated with lower BMD at the hip, with differences between genotypes not approaching statistical significance. There were no differences between genotype groups for any of the assessed markers of bone formation and resorption. Presence of the s allele was associated with lower grip (p = 0.03) and biceps strength (p = 0.04) at the dominant arm, with the difference between extreme genotype groups amounting to 21% and 30%, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, the association between COL1A1 Sp1 polymorphism and forearm BMD Z-score was no longer significant after adjustment for height, percentage lean mass, level of physical activity and upper limb strength (p = 0.18), whereas the genotype-specific difference for grip and biceps strength remained significant after adjustment for age, height and percentage lean mass (p = 0.04 and p= 0.05, respectively). In conclusion, the COL1A1 Sp1 polymorphism is associated with BMD at the forearm and upper limb muscle strength in elderly men, the findings of multivariate analyses suggesting that the genotype-specific differences for BMD might be mediated, at least in part, by differences in muscle strength.