The spread of the HIV epidemic has been one of the major factors contributing to the worldwide resurgence of the tuberculosis epidemic. It was estimated that in 1997 8% of global tuberculosis cases may be attributed to HIV infection. The highest burden of HIV-associated tuberculosis is concentrated in resource-poor countries. HIV infection increases the individual's susceptibility to tuberculosis by impairing immune response to mycobacterial infection. In addition, HIV-associated tuberculosis is more difficult both to diagnose and to treat. A strong international commitment to the development of innovative strategies of diagnosis, treatment, and the prevention and integration between tuberculosis and HIV prevention programs are urgently needed to face the threat of HIV-associated tuberculosis.