Adynamic bone disease has become a major problem in long-term dialysis patients. It has been suggested that higher levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) are needed to maintain normal bone turnover in uremia. PTH levels currently are evaluated routinely by intact PTH assay, which may detect inactive 7-84 PTH fragments as well as 1-84 PTH. We examined the efficacy of whole PTH assay, which detects 1-84 PTH exclusively, in 99 nondiabetic patients on maintenance dialysis for more than 10 years, without any residual renal function. PTH levels determined by whole PTH assay were lower than those determined by intact PTH assay in all cases. Serum markers of bone metabolism, such as serum activity of bone alkaline phosphatase, correlated well with whole PTH levels. Because 7-84 PTH has been shown to inhibit the effects of 1-84 PTH, the biologic activity of circulating PTH in uremic patients may be much lower than the values assayed by conventional intact PTH assay. Despite an attempt to correlate 1-84 PTH/7-84 PTH ratio with bone histology, we could find only 1 patient out of 99 with 1-84 PTH/7-84 PTH ratio less than 1, which has been suggested to be indicative of low turnover bone. A cutoff value of this ratio should be set in the future for patients with a long hemodialysis history, with various modes of medical therapy.