Objective: The purpose of this research is the investigation of the possible cause(s) of the dark-cell death phenomenon induced by 1,10-phenanthroline (Oph), a porphyrin biosynthesis modulator.
Summary background data: We have previously shown that porphyrin biosynthesis modulators, such as Oph, which is also an iron-chelating agent, enhance protoporphyrin IX (Proto) accumulation in mammalian neoplastic cells treated with delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). As a result of the enhanced Proto accumulation, a significant increase in photodynamic damage was observed under illumination. Also tetrapyrrole and heme-biosynthesis modulators have been shown to cause death in treated insect larvae in darkness, a phenomenon referred to as dark-cell death. Dark-cell death was also observed in Oph + ALA-treated transformed mammalian cells.
Methods: Neoplastic cells were treated with ALA, Oph, and ALA + Oph, and the following cell properties were investigated: growth arrest, membrane permeability, cell survival, nucleosomal cleavage, and cell cycle alterations.
Results: It was observed that Oph but not ALA induced growth arrest, in a T-cell leukemia line (MLA 144) as assessed by reduction in DNA synthesis. Exogenous Proto and isomers of Oph lacking the iron-chelating property of Oph also caused a dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation in MLA 144 cells. Although the plasma membrane of Oph-treated cells remained intact following 3 h of dark-incubation, the cells exhibited DNA internucleosomal cleavage, characteristic of cells undergoing apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis using the DNA intercalating dye propidium iodide (PI) coupled to flow cytometry, indicated that 81 +/- 5.6% of Oph-treated MLA 144 cells were apoptotic, with the majority of the cells arrested in the early S phase. On the other hand, treatment with either ALA or Proto did not alter the cell cycle. Also, using a double-labeling protocol with Hoechst 33342, and PI, and analysis by flow cytometry, Oph-treated cells were found to be 82% apoptotic after 3 h of dark-incubation. Apoptosis was reduced by 75% (p < 0.05) by the cytoplasmic protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide.
Conclusions: These results indicate that in addition to enhancing Proto accumulation, the heme biosynthesis modulator Oph also induces growth arrest and apoptosis in transformed cells in darkness.