The presence of the anti-opacity factor (anti-OF) antibody (Ab) in the serum used for identifying the OF antigen (Ag) type represents previous or current infection with group A streptococci (GAS) of the OF Ag type. Throat cultures were taken from 172 elementary schoolchildren in Chinju, Korea, and venous blood samples were collected at the same time to screen for the frequency of the anti-OF Ab. After isolation of GAS, the OF Ag of each GAS was identified by inhibition of the opacity reaction with recognized anti-OF sera. The anti-OF Abs in the sera were screened with the six most common OF Ag types. OF22 and OF28 were high in prevalence (28.2 and 20.5%, respectively) among OF Ag types, while anti-OF types 4, 28, and 22 were frequently identified (39.5, 29.7, and 15.7%, respectively) in the sera. Thirty-two of 39 (82.1%) OF Ag-producing GAS carriers, 25 of 34 (73.5%) GAS carriers not producing OF Ag, and 72 of 99 (72.7%) throat culture-negative children harbored the anti-OF Ab. Forty-five (26.2%) of 172 children had two different anti-OF Abs, and 11 (6.4%) had more than three anti-OF Abs. Seventy-five percent of 172 elementary schoolchildren were shown to be previously or currently infected with GAS. The percentages of children positive for the anti-OF Ab were very high regardless of the result of throat culture or OF Ag production of GAS. We could also demonstrate (i) that the prevalent strains of GAS changed according to the time span by determining the difference between the frequencies of OF Ag and anti-OF Ab and (ii) that repeated infections were not uncommon in schoolchildren, as one-third had more than two different anti-OF Abs.