The aim of the study was to determine whether changes in serum levels of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1) are related to the phenomenon of enhanced osteogenesis in patients with bone fracture combined with traumatic brain injury (TBI), which would also suggest their involvement in post-traumatic stress and their applicability in the promotion of bone fracture healing. GH values were increased during the initial post-traumatic period in all patients (those with bone fractures or TBI alone or combined injury associated with enhanced osteogenesis), declining to normal values afterwards. However, a further increase in GH was only observed in patients with combined injury overlapping with the time of clinically manifested enhanced osteogenesis. Serum levels of IGF-1 were above normal throughout the study period (14 weeks) in patients with TBI only, but not if TBI was combined with bone fractures followed by enhanced osteogenesis. In these patients IGF-1 values increased gradually during fracture healing, as was also the case in patients with bone fractures alone. Thus, different patterns of post-traumatic changes in both GH and IGF-1 were seen in patients with TBI or bone fractures in comparison to those with combined injury, indicating the involvement of these substances in the post-traumatic stress response and in the phenomenon of enhanced osteogenesis in patients with bone fractures and TBI.