Transplant recipients are highly motivated to maintain their recovered health status and are generally compliant with pharmacotherapy and medical follow-up. As well as routine blood tests and monitoring of immunosuppressant drug levels, recipients require immunization updates and regular screening for malignancy, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and ophthalmologic complications. Little information is available about the consistent implementation of these health maintenance strategies in this population. A telephone survey of liver transplant recipients was conducted using a 20-item questionnaire. It was designed to assess the frequency and adequacy of health maintenance screening, immunizations, and screening tests for malignancy, which are specific to the liver transplant population. We contacted 60 liver recipients transplanted at our institution between 1992 and 1996. The mean age of the patients (31 men and 29 women) was 48 years (range, 42-56 years). Before transplantation, pneumococcal and hepatitis B vaccination occurred in 13% and 18%, respectively. After transplantation, 27% had received pneumococcal vaccination and none had received primary vaccination for hepatitis B. Forty-eight percent received yearly influenza vaccination. Of 60 questioned recipients, 2 were aware of their varicella exposure status or a possible need for varicella immunoglobulin if a primary exposure to chickenpox were to occur. Two were aware of the need for the recipient's children or grandchildren who were undergoing polio vaccination to receive an inactivated intramuscular polio preparation. Yearly screening for dermatologic or oral malignancies was provided to only 40% of patients. Physician-performed breast examination or screening mammograms was done in 38% of the surveyed women. Eleven percent of the women had received a gynecologic examination with a cervical cytologic examination within the prior 2 years. Of the male recipients, 68% received either digital prostate examination or serum prostate specific antigen determinations or both. Of 60 recipients, 30 had had either flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy within the previous 2 years. Yearly dental examinations were performed on 75% of patients, and more than 90% had at least yearly blood pressure and weight determinations. Of 60 patients, 41 were aware of cholesterol and lipid profiles having been performed within the past 2 years. Ophthalmologic screening was performed in 83% of surveyed recipients. This survey suggests that routine health maintenance management is less than optimal in this population. Follow-up based on a standard protocol may improve the health care of these patients.