The mammalian nervous system contains high amounts of the aminoacyl-histidine dipeptides carnosine and homocarnosine. In the brain, they prevalently occur mainly in glial and ependymal cells, their role(s) still remaining obscure. In vitro studies indicate that these molecules exert diverse protective effects, and in vivo they are frequently associated with extracellular fluid compartments. Recently, carnosine-like immunoreactivity has been found in the subependymal layer (SEL) of adult rodents, a region endowed with persistent cell proliferation and migration. Unlike rodents, the SEL of the rabbit has a persistent olfactory ventricle. We show here that the morphologic organization of the SEL is different in these species, with particular reference to the glial/non glial cell compartments. The distribution of carnosine-like immunoreactivity in the rabbit displays some differences only within the SEL, which could be linked to its arrangement and compartmentalization.