Despite technological changes and improved management, piglet mortality remains a problem for both production and welfare. Most preweaning mortality occurs within the first 3 days after birth because of problems with adaptation and development. Thus, the purpose of our study was to determine the physiologic state of newborn pigs with respect to piglet survival. Data were collected from 1024 live-born piglets of 106 primiparous German Landrace sows to analyze relationships between farrowing traits, early postnatal vitality and blood chemistry, including immunity of piglets at birth. Surviving piglets were compared with those that died during the first 10 days of life. The survivors were significantly heavier at birth (P=0.001), were born earlier in the birth order (P=0.04), reached the udder and took in first colostral milk more quickly (P=0.001) and had a smaller drop in rectal temperature I h after birth (P=0.001) than dead. However, dead piglets had significantly higher blood levels of inorganic phosphorus (P=0.0001), calcium (P=0.04) and urea (P=0.05), but a lower concentration of alpha2-macroglobulin and lower lymphocyte proliferation indices in response to pokeweed mitogen (P=0.05). Models fitted for discrimination between survivors and piglets that died included, in addition to birth weight and litter size, the foraging behavior of neonates (time from birth to first suckle) and their thermoregulatory capacity (rectal temperature 1 h after birth) in the first experimental unit, as well as prenursing biochemical measures (inorganic phosphorus, calcium and glucose) in the second experimental unit. These ethophysiological and biochemical traits of early postnatal vitality are important determinants of maturity and development at birth. Hence, breeding programs and perinatal housing and feeding conditions should ensure a high physiological maturity to improve mortality rates of neonates.