After ventral root avulsion, a large percentage of the wounded spinal motoneurons die within 2 weeks. Neuronal death is preceded by a series of morphological and physiological changes probably as a result of both apoptotic and necrotic mechanisms. Associated with neuronal death, inflammation develops in the wounded area, resulting in additional neuronal loss as well as the degeneration of fibers from different tracts of the ventral and lateral funiculi. In the present study we tested the neuroprotective and local anti-inflammatory effects of monosialoganglioside (GM-1) after an initial 150 mg/kg body weight dose, followed by the daily administration of 100 mg/kg body weight for 2 weeks. The results showed a statistically significant enhancement of surviving motoneurons which showed good morphological preservation. Also, GM-1 treatment reduced by less then a half, the number of degenerating fibers into the ventral and lateral funiculi. Taken together, our results indicate that the administration of GM-1 in high doses during the critical period of motoneuron death after avulsion is neuroprotective, and diminishes local inflammation.