A small outbreak of listeriosis involving two previously healthy adults occurred in Ontario. Food samples obtained from the refrigerator of the patients included imitation crab meat, canned black olives, macaroni and vegetable salad, spaghetti sauce with meatballs, mayonnaise and water. All of the samples except the water contained Listeria monocytogenes. The three most heavily contaminated samples were the imitation crab meat, the olives and the salad which contained 2.1 x 109, 1.1 x 107 and 1.3 x 106 cfu g-1, respectively. L. monocytogenes serotype 1/2b was isolated from the patients, as well as from the opened and unopened imitation crab meat. Molecular typing of the isolates by both randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing demonstrated the imitation crab meat and clinical strains to be indistinguishable. Challenge studies performed with a pool of L. monocytogenes strains showed that imitation crab meat, but not olives, supported growth of the organism. In this study we have shown for the first time the potential involvement of imitation crab meat in a small outbreak of listeriosis. In terms of disease prevention, temperature control is critical to prevent or reduce the growth of this foodborne pathogen. In addition, with refrigerated products having a long (> 30 d) shelf life, additional safety factors must be used to prevent the growth of foodborne pathogens such as L. monocytogenes.