An experiment was conducted to determine whether feeding rumen-protected fatty acids (FA) to postpartum heifers would increase plasma concentrations of linoleic acid and PGF2, metabolite (PGFM), shorten the interval from calving to first increase in plasma concentrations of progesterone (P4), and increase pregnancy rate relative to controls. Hereford x Angus heifers (346 kg) were assigned randomly to treatments containing either lipid or barley supplemented diets for the first 30 d postpartum. Lipid was .23 kg.heifer(-1).d(-1) of calcium salts of FA (CSFA; n = 20), and an isocaloric amount of barley served as the control (n = 19). Supplements, with .23 kg of barley as a vehicle, and a basal diet of meadow and alfalfa hays were pen fed to heifers (5/pen). Heifers were bled on alternate days (d1 to 30) and twice weekly (d 30 to 2 wk after first estrus) for RIA of plasma PGFM and P4, respectively. Weight percentage of major FA in plasma on d1 and 7 was determined with gas chromatography. First behavioral estrus was detected by use of intact bulls and confirmed by an increase in plasma P4. On d 7, but not d 1, plasma from heifers fed CSFA had altered proportions of major FA (P < .01), including an increase in linoleic acid compared with those of controls (29.1 vs 25.6% of total FA; SE = .75; P < .01). Analysis of variance of contrast variables revealed an effect of treatment on direction of change in PGFM from d 3 to 5 (P < .01). By d 7 and on d 9, plasma concentrations of PGFM were greater in heifers fed CSFA than in controls (P = .02 and P = .06, respectively). There was no difference in plasma concentration of PGFM between treatments on d 1, 3, 5, 11, 13, and 15 postpartum (P = .80, .17, .52, .82, .46, and .77, respectively). Days to first estrus with ovulation, pregnancy rate, and calving interval were not affected by treatments (P = .58, .52, and .24, respectively). Although supplemental lipid fed to primiparous beef heifers increased plasma levels of linoleic acid and production of PGFM in the early postpartum period, it did not improve the fertility of these heifers in the subsequent breeding season.