During the ovine estrous cycles, three waves of follicular growth, closely associated with the FSH secretion pattern, were observed. The parameters of these follicular waves and the ability of follicles to produce steroids in vitro were studied in various conditions. In vivo, the follicular events were similar between the breeding season and the anestrus, except for the lack of ovulation; but at the end of the breeding season and in anestrus, the follicles lose a big part of their aromatization ability. In ewes carrying the Booroola fecundity gene or Cambridge fecundity gene, the reduction in follicular atresia seems to be one of the main follicular features implicated in the control of high ovulation rate. In vitro, the most relevant difference is an early acquisition of estrogen production ability of small follicles in Booroola fecundity gene barring ewes. Fluoro-gestone-acetate (FGA) pessaries reduced the number of growing follicles; despite this effect disappearing after the sponge withdrawal, the ovulation rate is significantly reduced. But an equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) treatment restores the ovulation rate (OR) by reducing the atresia rate of pre-ovulatory follicles. In similar conditions, a pretreatment of the ewes with melatonin again reduced the atresia rate of large follicles and resulted in an increased ovulation rate. In vitro, FGA blocked aromatization ability, and melatonin inhibited both androstenedione and estradiol production, but a further treatment with eCG partly restores the steroid secretion. Immunization against androstenedione leads to a higher OR, owning to a reduced atresia of large follicles. Daily growth hormone injections for a hole cycle resulted in an increased follicular population and ovulation rate, while FSH plasma levels decreased and the follicle sensitivity to gonadotrophins was reduced.