The administration of cancer chemotherapy is a unique combination of scientific exercise and clinical practice. The clinical practice involves the holistic care of a human being whose cancer and normal physiology are unique. The scientific exercise includes the manipulation of doses, combinations, and administration schemes of the small number of chemicals known as chemotherapy. Bringing science and clinical practice together to formulate a treatment plan that offers the most favorable outcomes and that minimizes short- and long-term toxicities is a challenge. This article discusses the scientific rationale for various methods of chemotherapy administration and outlines the specific clinical steps necessary to achieve the most safe and efficacious administration plan possible.