In order to know the heavy metals content and the degree of the potential ecological risk in the sediment of Poyang Lake in high-water period and low-water period, based on the detailed survey and analysis of the current state of pollution in Poyang Lake, using the Index of Geoaccumulation and the Potential Ecological Risk Index evaluate the heavy metals pollution of Poyang Lake. The results indicate that Poyang Lake has been polluted by heavy metals in various degrees. According to the Index of Geoaccumulation, the order of the analyzed heavy metals, arranged from highest to lowest pollution degree, is as follows: Cu > Pb > Zn > Cd; The ecological risk to Poyang Lake is: Cd>Pb> Zn>Cu;And the pollution is different from space and time, the pollution degree of each sampling site is arranged in the following order: Rao River> Longkou > Nanji shan > Dongku shan > Yumin village, and the degrees in low-water season are bigger than the degrees that in the high-water period commonly.