Asymmetrical ARDL correlation between fossil fuel energy, food security, and carbon emission: providing fresh information from Pakistan

The core objective of our study seeks to examine the asymmetrical impact of agriculture, fossil fuel consumption, and food security on carbon emission (CO₂) in Pakistan from 1969 to 2018. The current study applied multiple unit root tests (ADF, PP, and KPSS, Z&A) to check data stationarity and structural breaks. We used the population data as a food security proxy indicator. The outcomes disclosed that there is a long-term asymmetric relationship between the variables. The results also verified the atypical response of CO₂ to adverse shocks in agricultural value-added. Furthermore, the results showed that population and fossil fuel consumption would further worsen environmental standards. Based on the results of the study, the government needs to take practical steps for active policy-making and assessing ecological challenges in Pakistan.