Helping Eve overcome ADAM: G-quadruplexes in the ADAM-15 promoter as new molecular targets for breast cancer therapeutics

Molecules. 2013 Dec 5;18(12):15019-34. doi: 10.3390/molecules181215019.

Abstract

ADAM-15, with known zymogen, secretase, and disintegrin activities, is a catalytically active member of the ADAM family normally expressed in early embryonic development and aberrantly expressed in various cancers, including breast, prostate and lung. ADAM-15 promotes extracellular shedding of E-cadherin, a soluble ligand for the HER2/neu receptor, leading to activation, increased motility, and proliferation. Targeted downregulation of both ADAM-15 and HER2/neu function synergistically kills breast cancer cells, but to date there are no therapeutic options for decreasing ADAM-15 function or expression. In this vein, we have examined a unique string of guanine-rich DNA within the critical core promoter of ADAM-15. This region of DNA consists of seven contiguous runs of three or more consecutive guanines, which, under superhelical stress, can relax from duplex DNA to form an intrastrand secondary G-quadruplex (G4) structure. Using biophysical and biological techniques, we have examined the G4 formation within the entire and various truncated regions of the ADAM-15 promoter, and demonstrate strong intrastrand G4 formation serving to function as a biological silencer element. Characterization of the predominant G4 species formed within the ADAM-15 promoter will allow for specific drug targeting and stabilization, and the further development of novel, targeted therapeutics.

MeSH terms

  • ADAM Proteins / chemistry*
  • ADAM Proteins / genetics*
  • Base Sequence
  • Breast Neoplasms / genetics*
  • Cell Line
  • Circular Dichroism
  • Female
  • G-Quadruplexes*
  • Gene Silencing
  • Humans
  • Membrane Proteins / chemistry*
  • Membrane Proteins / genetics*
  • Mutation
  • Promoter Regions, Genetic*
  • Transcription, Genetic

Substances

  • Membrane Proteins
  • ADAM Proteins
  • ADAM15 protein, human