Advanced Urea Precursors Driven NiCo2O4 Nanostructures Based Non-Enzymatic Urea Sensor for Milk and Urine Real Sample Applications

Sanjha Mangrio; Aneela Tahira; Abdul Sattar Chang; Ihsan Ali Mahar; Mehnaz Markhand; Aqeel Ahmed Shah; Shymaa S Medany; Ayman Nafady; Elmuez A Dawi; Lama M A Saleem; E M Mustafa; Brigitte Vigolo; Zafar Hussain Ibupoto

doi:10.3390/bios13040444

Advanced Urea Precursors Driven NiCo₂O₄ Nanostructures Based Non-Enzymatic Urea Sensor for Milk and Urine Real Sample Applications

Biosensors (Basel). 2023 Mar 31;13(4):444. doi: 10.3390/bios13040444.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Dr. M.A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
² Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Mirs 66111, Pakistan.
³ Department of metalluargy and Materials, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
⁴ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
⁵ Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
⁶ Nonlinear Dynamics Research Centre (NDRC), Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates.
⁷ Biomolecular Science, Earth and Life Science, Amsterdam University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁸ Department of Sciences and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.
⁹ The Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Université de Lorraine, CNRS, F-54000 Nancy, France.

Abstract

The electrochemical performance of NiCo₂O₄ with urea precursors was evaluated in order to develop a non-enzymatic urea sensor. In this study, NiCo₂O₄ nanostructures were synthesized hydrothermally at different concentrations of urea and characterized using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Nanostructures of NiCo₂O₄ exhibit a nanorod-like morphology and a cubic phase crystal structure. Urea can be detected with high sensitivity through NiCo₂O₄ nanostructures driven by urea precursors under alkaline conditions. A low limit of detection of 0.05 and an analytical range of 0.1 mM to 10 mM urea are provided. The concentration of 006 mM was determined by cyclic voltammetry. Chronoamperometry was used to determine the linear range in the range of 0.1 mM to 8 mM. Several analytical parameters were assessed, including selectivity, stability, and repeatability. NiCo₂O₄ nanostructures can also be used to detect urea in various biological samples in a practical manner.

Keywords: NiCo2O4 nanostructures; alkaline conditions; non-enzymatic sensor; urea precursors.

MeSH terms

Animals
Cobalt / chemistry
Electrochemical Techniques
Glucose* / chemistry
Milk
Nanostructures* / chemistry
Nickel
Oxides / chemistry
Urea

Substances

Glucose
Urea
Oxides
Nickel
Cobalt

Grants and funding

This research received no external funding.