Pyrolysis of date palm waste to biochar using concentrated solar thermal energy: Economic and sustainability implications

A system of concentrated solar energy for pyrolysis of date palm waste to biochar is designed and simulated using SuperPro Designer v8.5. Both economic and environmental sustainability implications are evaluated by bench-marking with the conventional process (electric heating-based pyrolysis). Economic analysis shows that this process is more economically viable than the conventional process, with payback time (PBT) of 4 years and 132 days, internal rate of return (IRR) of 14.8%, return on investment (ROI) of 22.9% and gross margin of 35.5%. Environmental impact assessment shows that CO₂ emissions from concentrated solar energy-based pyrolysis accounts for only 38% of that of the conventional pyrolysis, indicating that concentrated solar energy pyrolysis is more environmentally friendly. Sensitivity analysis shows that PBT is more sensitive to changes in biochar selling price than changes in the cost of acquiring date palm waste. This process presents sustainable opportunities for biochar production while reducing life cycle emissions and costs.