What influences restaurant dining out and diners' self-protective intention during the COVID-19 pandemic: Applying the Protection Motivation Theory

In this study, using the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), we examine whether protection motivation can explain restaurant patron intention to practice self-protection. New normal practices are in place in the restaurant industry that influence dining out behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on 402 usable questionnaires collected face to face with residents in Phuket, Thailand, and using structural equation modeling to analyze the data, we found self-protective intention is influenced more by the perceived threat of COVID-19, but the actual behavior of visit frequency and protective behavior is influenced more by the positive PMT factors: perceived efficacy or self-confidence about protecting oneself and the expected rewards of dining out. In addition, the study highlights the important role of self-protective intention as a mediator in the relationships between PMT factors and actual behaviors of restaurant clients, especially their protection behaviors. Academic and practical implications are discussed.