Efficient Electrocatalytic N₂ Reduction on Three-Phase Interface Coupled in a Three-Compartment Flow Reactor for the Ambient NH₃ Synthesis

The electrochemical N₂ reduction reaction (eNRR) represents a carbon-free alternative to the Haber-Bosch process for a sustainable NH₃ synthesis powered by renewable energy under ambient conditions. Despite significant efforts to develop catalyst activity and selectivity toward eNRR, an appropriate electrochemical system to obstruct the drawback of low N₂ solubility remains broadly unexplored. Here, we demonstrate an electrocatalytic system combining a ruthenium/carbon black gas diffusion electrode (Ru/CB GDE) with a three-compartment flow cell, enabling solid-liquid-gas catalytic interfaces for the highly efficient Ru-catalyzed eNRR. The electrolyte optimization and the Ru/CB GDE development through the hydrophobicity, the Ru/CB loading, and the post-treatment have revealed the crucial contribution of interfacial N₂ transportation and local pH environment. The optimized hydrophobic Ru/CB GDE generated excellent eNRR performance, achieving a high NH₃ yield rate of 9.9 × 10^-10 mol/cm² s at -0.1 V vs RHE, corresponding to the highest faradaic efficiency of 64.8% and a specific energy efficiency of 40.7%, exceeding the most reported system. This work highlights the critical role of design and optimization of the GDE-flow cell combination and provides a valuable practicable solution to enhance the electrochemical reaction involving gas-phase reactants with low solubility.